respond to users’ needs is essential. With the advent of the second wave of urban development in developing countries, part of urban fabrics affected by modernist interventions has changed and metamorphosed to the point that they have lost their meaning and function, consequently leading to the degradation of biological values and weakening of the identity of the place. With this continuing trend and the lack of attention to the background, these neighborhoods are being transformed into places devoid of meaning and identity fathomable by citizens. Research objective: This study aims to extract the quality components of urban streets systematically by formulating the process of regenerating urban streets with a focus on promoting identity and analyzing Chaharbagh Street to propose complementary interventions to further promote its identity. Research method: This study used a mixed approach using the descriptive-analytical method. Triangulation was used to strengthen the research and increase the validity of the findings. The focus group method and a public questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data from the focus group were analyzed using coding, and the data from the questionnaire were analyzed using the Friedman method and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS. Conclusion: The theoretical results revealed essential components of urban streets: access, spatial continuity, safety, and security, inclusiveness, and social mixing, quality of the public space, enclosure and transparency, diversity, mixed land uses, and supporting stakeholders. Modifying accessibility and adjusting the size of urban blocks and mixed land uses, designing urban furniture, and strengthening citizens’ perceptions of space (by increasing legibility, the proportion of new forms, and spatial unity) can improve the identity of Chaharbagh Street in Herat. Research objective: The present research tries to extract the components of urban street environment quality through a methodical study so that in addition to recognizing and analyzing Chaharbagh Street, it can provide suggestions for directing physical interventions with the aim of promoting identity. Research Method: This research has been done with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach and using a descriptive-analytical method. In order to strengthen the research and further validate of the findings, Triangulation Sampling was used. Center group method and popular questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis from the center group was performed using coding analysis method and data obtained from the questionnaire was performed using Friedman method, Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS. Conclusion: The results indicate that basically the most important components of urban streets for researchers are access, spatial continuity, safety, security, inclusion, social mixing, quality of public space, confinement, transparency, diversity, mixing of land uses. and supporting stakeholders, improving access and adjusting the size of urban blocks, strengthening citizens' perception of space (by increasing readability fit of new forms and spatial unity), diversityو mixing of land use and design of urban furniture are some of the measures that promote identity.

Developments in science and technology have had many effects on human lives causing the formation of new views and procedures in various disciplines such as architecture and urbanism. One of these views is the Complexity Theory and the geometry of organic structures such as fractal geometry that have influenced the urban issues. Euclidean geometry is dominated by the concept of things as having one, two or three dimensions. This is suitable for describing objects or shapes that are completely regular, but Mandelbrot (1977) argues that much of the ‘natural’ world, and it is also argued here that much of an urban development, cannot be adequately described using the concepts of Euclidean geometry. It should be noted that this discussion applies to the 3D material world. Mandelbrot (1977) used the term ‘fractal’ to describe shapes or objects that demonstrate repeating patterns when examined at increasingly smaller scales, which demonstrate scale invariance (Mandelbrot, 1977). This special quality of scale invariance shows up in many natural patterns that can be identified and quantified by a parameter called “fractal dimension”. Nowadays, fractal analysis and the calculation of fractal dimensions offer a practical method in urban studies at different scales. Implementing the fractal geometry in realizing and analyzing urban structures in different scales has been the course of action for a number of researchers so far. In fact, most of these studies have used the fractal dimension as a quantitative criterion for the assessment and evaluation of city structures in different viewpoints ranging from the manner of developments in cities and the factors affecting it to the relationship between environmental qualities and the fractal dimension in urban spaces. In other words, different individuals have studied this relationship while trying to quantify the qualities existing in the space. But most of the researches have focused on analyzing the fractal structure of the city and have done limited work in new developments using the results of these researches. Apart from other researchers’ attempts to introduce fractals in architecture, another crucial attempt to introduce fractals to architecture was made by Carl Bovil in his book, Fractal Geometry in Architecture and Design (Hagerhall, 2004). His approach is more practical and more concerned to suggest a method to layout the project according to fractals. With an extensive introduction on fractal geometry, he delves a great deal into the mathematical aspect of fractals trying to base his method on the idea of fractal dimension. He uses fractal dimensions to produce a fractal rhythm of different sized elements. The important point in this method that sets it apart from others is that it elicits patterns from the existing context to analyze and offers guidelines in new developments along a dynamic process that adjusts different personal ideas. Nowadays, organic cities with their complex systems have gone through a lot of changes. As a result of these changes, a valuable structure of such cities is suffering from decay and destruction. Also, realizing the hidden order in such structures and developing this system to new or replacement structures and developments have turned out to be the main concern of architects and urban designers. One of the problems that many cities in Iran are facing with is the new construction in the more developed zone around historical sites. The challenge one faces when being inspired by the valuable historical structures for the purpose of modeling for the development of new constructions is the fact that copying the existing embedded structures often turns out to be discouraging and self-imposed. The main question focused on in this research is how one can create a new historical-oriented structure while maintaining the environmental qualities of valuable historical structures without repeating the existing patterns bearing in mind the modern taste, materials, and technologies. In this paper, fractal geometry is used as a means to determine the degree of complexity and its desirability. This research provides a fractal analysis of valuable facades linking the calculation of fractal dimension to context indicators from existing patterns. ChaharBagh-Abbasi Street as structural axis of Isfahan has many historical buildings and nowadays is known as main retail street in the city. Therefore, improving the quality of space and reforming the facades are in priority. This street is selected as a case study and the fractal dimension of its valuable façades were calculated using the method of box-counting with professional software Benoit 1.3. After that the obtained numbers of fractal dimension were converted to a grid-like and we suggest guideline for new developments or projects of reconstruction in this historical street.

Problem statement: Chaharbagh Street, despite its physical and land use changes throughout history, is still considered as one of the main commercial and recreational streets of Isfahan city. Reviewing the history and evolution of historical sites’ architecture can provide opportunities for next refurbishment steps and finding resilience factors can be effective in planning for the design of new spaces. Resilience is a way to strengthen communities and cities by using their capacities, and one of the most important factors of resilience is the space which continues to preserve the identity of urban spaces during changes. Research objective: This research seeks to answer the main question of what factors have led to the resilience of Chaharbagh Street throughout the history relying on the hypothesis that planning is effective in reconstruction of historical streets according to users’ demand and the historical factors in resilience. Research method: The research method in this paper is a descriptive-analytic method and to achieve this goal, first by referring to reliable sources four factors including physical, social, economic, and environmental factors are presented in resilience’ conceptual model. By field study and asking the people in this street, a closer look has been achieved and sub-factors for each of the factors have been addressed. Conclusion: According to the results, the reasons for choosing this historical street and its users’ expectation of protective measures are in line with the historical features of the 17 th and 19 th centuries. The importance of different resilience factors differs from users’ point of view and the social and environmental factors are in a more favorable position than other factors.

With the beginning of the third millennium, the necessity of re-approaching walking as the healthiest, most economical and most dynamic method of movement and transportation within the city has been given serious attention by experts and managers of urban affairs. Pedestrian Movement, whose goal is to restore and develop pedestrian spaces in cities and give priority to pedestrians as first-class urban elements, has become one of the axes of urban planning and design. Based on this, this article is an effort to achieve the importance of pedestrian movement and sidewalks in today's cities and the impact of these spaces on sustainable urban development. According to the nature of the subject and research objectives, the approach governing the research environment is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the citizens of Isfahan city (Chaharbagh Abbasi pedestrian area) and the sampling method in this research is random sampling. The sample size based on Cochran's formula is 384 people. In this research, attempt has been made to use the required data through relevant centers, organizations, observations and field studies, a researcher-made questionnaire to collect information from citizens. SPSS software and fuzzy AHP model were used in the analytical part of the research. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the urban pedestrian circuit has a significant effect in achieving urban sustainability, so that it strengthens and improves urban activities, reduces the use of environmental pollutants and helps to preserve the environment, reduces dependence on motor vehicles in Chaharbagh Abbasi Street has become

The promotion of social interactions is one of the most important manifestations of successful urban spaces. But in the present era, the increasing use of cars and the gradual domination of pedestrian movement has reduced the social participation in urban spaces. This issue, while addressing the importance of social interactions in urban life, raises the need to return to the category of pedestrians. Therefore, the present study is based on identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the promotion of social interactions in pedestrian streets. The present study was conducted as a case study in Chaharbagh Abbasi Pedestrian Street of Isfahan. This research is of applied type and descriptive-analytical research method and an attempt has been made to determine the importance of each of the effective criteria and indicators using the opinion of experts. Therefore, effective criteria for promoting social interactions were identified in three components: physical, social and activity-functional. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software, the importance coefficients of the criteria, sub-criteria and their prioritization were determined. The study population consisted of experts who were randomly selected to answer the questionnaire questions. The results indicate that , the physical criterion with a weight of 0.31 is more important than the other criteria and the sub-criteria of visual diversity and permeability of the main physical criterion with a weight of 0.29 have the highest coefficient of importance in the process of promoting social interactions from the perspective of experts.

This article attempts to study the descriptions of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh and the events in historical texts from its construction in Shahrukh’s Timurid era until it’s destruction in the early Qajar era. In this regard, an introduction will be presented about the concept and the history of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh; and then the issues cited in Timurid, Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras historical texts will be studied. The historical dimensions and the most important events that have occurred in Chaharbagh which are affected the destiny of Iran, would be revealed and evaluated. One of the most important historical periods of Chaharbagh is late Safavid and Afsharid eras when, Mashhad as the capital of Iran and Chaharbagh as the court occupies an important place in history of Iran. Distressed situation of Iran after Afghans’ attack and the quick replacement of power in the late Safavid era has affected the events  that occurred in Chaharbagh. The findings of this research, on the one hand suggest that although today’s Chaharbagh such as Safavid Chaharbagh of Esfahan is known as a street, in the Timurid era Chaharbagh was constructed like heavenly gardens that engulfed the palace. But because of the evolutions started from the Safavid era, the environment and the concept of this monumental place changed; the changes include the settlement of the city governor, Nader shah’s  court and  his successors. On the other hand ,a review on the  events occurred in Mashhad’s Chaharbagh from the late Safavid era until the establishment of Qajar dynasty, indicate the unique situation of Mashhad in this region in that difficult historical passage which deserves more study.

This article attempts to study the descriptions of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh and the events in historical texts from its construction in Shahrukh’s Timurid era until it’s destruction in the early Qajar era. In this regard, an introduction will be presented about the concept and the history of Mashhad’s Chaharbagh; and then the issues cited in Timurid, Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar eras historical texts will be studied. The historical dimensions and the most important events that have occurred in Chaharbagh which are affected the destiny of Iran, would be revealed and evaluated. One of the most important historical periods of Chaharbagh is late Safavid and Afsharid eras when, Mashhad as the capital of Iran and Chaharbagh as the court occupies an important place in history of Iran. Distressed situation of Iran after Afghans’ attack and the quick replacement of power in the late Safavid era has affected the events  that occurred in Chaharbagh. The findings of this research, on the one hand suggest that although today’s Chaharbagh such as Safavid Chaharbagh of Esfahan is known as a street, in the Timurid era Chaharbagh was constructed like heavenly gardens that engulfed the palace. But because of the evolutions started from the Safavid era, the environment and the concept of this monumental place changed; the changes include the settlement of the city governor, Nader shah’s  court and  his successors. On the other hand ,a review on the  events occurred in Mashhad’s Chaharbagh from the late Safavid era until the establishment of Qajar dynasty, indicate the unique situation of Mashhad in this region in that difficult historical passage which deserves more study.

Isfahan's Chaharbagh School-Mosque is considered as a valuable relic of the art and architecture of the Safavid era, which has preserved its splendor after more than three centuries. Knowing the basics and principles used in the design and construction of this building and the arrangements thought for its social and historical meaning can be a model for today's architecture, in order to achieve excellence in terms of form and meaning. The purpose of the current research is to explain and analyzing the various aspects of stability and reliability of this building and to discover its unique physical and spatial features. The mentioned research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and data collection has been done in documentary and field form. For this purpose, the climatic, social, economic, historical and aesthetic aspects are analyzed and evaluated in a qualitative way, taking into account the physical, semantic and spiritual characteristics of the building. The results show that the building of the Chaharbagh School mosque not only considered the climatic characteristics from an environmental point of view to provide a pleasant environment compatible with the surrounding nature, but it was also socially and economically stable. The use of Islamic art in the arrays of covering surfaces has made the building beautiful in terms of beauty. In such a way that you can see a dynamic and lasting treasure of art and architecture in it.